Prevalence and Intensity of Dental Caries in School-age Children of the Krasnoyarsk Territory.

Introduction: The high level of prevalence and intensity of dental caries in school children reflects the urgency of the problem and the necessity of proper dental education among children and their parents and to develop recommendations aimed at the prevention of dental caries. Aim: To find out the epidemiological situation of dental caries in school age children of Krasnoyarsk Territory. Materials and Methods: A study was conducted on the prevalence and intensity of dental caries in 232 school-age children of educational institutions in the city of Norilsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai and 386 children in the city of Talnakh aged 7 to 17 years. The study used a special dental examination card recommended by WHO (2013). Results: The results obtained characterize an unfavorable level of morbidity with a high level of dental treatment needs and preventive care. School children and their parents exhibited low level of knowledge pertaining to sanitary conditions. The situation dictates the need for further intensification of the prevention of dental diseases and sanitary and educational work among the population. Conclusion: The research showed the inimical epidemiological situation of dental caries in school-age children of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The situation dictates the need for further intensification of sanitary and educational work and the introduction of an interdepartmental program for the prevention of dental caries in the region.

Association Between Daily Executive Function and Core Symptoms， Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Symptoms in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder / 中山大学学报(医学科学版)

ObjectiveTo explore the association between daily executive function and core symptoms， the symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder （ADHD） in children with autism spectrum disorder （ASD）， and the moderating effect of theory of mind and other cognitive abilities on this association. MethodsChildren aged 6-12 years with ASD were recruited， and 86 children were identified according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Wechsler Intelligence Test for Children， Fourth Edition （WISC-Ⅳ）， Strange Story Test （SST） and Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function （BRIEF） were used to evaluate children's cognitive ability. Swanson Nolan and Pelham-Version Ⅳ Scale （SNAP-Ⅳ）， Social Responsiveness Scale （SRS）， and Repetitive Behavior Scale-Revise （RBS-R） were used to assess the severity of ADHD symptoms， social impairment， and repetitive stereotyped behavior. Multiple linear regression was used to explore the association between daily executive function and ADHD symptoms， social impairment， repetitive stereotyped behaviors. ResultsAfter controlling for the score of strange stories， verbal comprehension index （VCI） and other factors， the full scale score and each index of BRIEF were positively correlated with full scale score of SNAP （b = 0.619-0.741， b’ = 0.637-0.755）， SRS （b = 0.928-1.200， b’ = 0.417-0.513） and RBS-R （b = 0.326-0.525， b’ = 0.339-0.520） in children with ASD （P< 0.05）， and the SNAP total score was more strongly correlated with the full scale BRIEF score and each index score （b’ = 0.637-0.755，P< 0.01）. In addition to daily executive function， strange stories score （b = -2.218- -1.839） and age （b = 3.181-4.037） were also the important factors affecting the social function of children with ASD （P< 0.01）. There were no moderating effects of strange stories score and age on the association between BRIEF score and full scale score of SNAP， SRS， and RBS-R（P> 0.05）. ConclusionThe deficits of daily executive function in school-aged ASD children are significantly associated with core symptoms and ADHD symptoms， and the association is independent of other cognitive domains， such as theory of mind and verbal comprehension intelligence quotient.

Biometric investigation of ocular components in various types of anisometropia in school-age children / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

AIM: To compare the differences and correlations between different types of anisometropia, binocular visual acuity and biological parameters in school-age children.METHODS: A total of 128 school-age children(6-12 years)with mild-to-moderate anisometropia were retrospectively analyzed. Subjects were divided into five groups according to anisometropia type. All participants underwent cycloplegic refraction, A-scan ultrasound biometry, and corneal topography. Refractive status, best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA), anterior chamber depth(ACD), lens thickness(LT), vitreous chamber depth(VCD), axial length(AL), corneal radius(CR), and ratio of AL and CR(AL/CR)were recorded. Kruskal-Wallis and Spearman rank correlation tests were then used for statistical analysis.RESULTS: Hyperopic anisometropia had the greatest binocular vision difference(0.14±0.20). Myopic anisometropia had the greatest asymmetry in AL and VCD(0.56±0.41 and 0.56±0.39 mm, respectively). Anisometropia was positively correlated with BCVA, VCD, AL, and AL/CR(r=0.266, 0.379, 0.350, 0.263, respectively; P&#x0026;#x003C;0.05), and it was not significantly correlated with LT and CR(r=-0.019,-0.069, respectively; P&#x0026;#x003E;0.05), while no parameters had a statistically significant correlation with anisometropia in each group.CONCLUSION: School-age children with hyperopic anisometropia showed the greatest difference of binocular acuity in the four types of anisometropia. The inter-ocular differences of biometric parameters in simple hyperopic or myopic anisometropia were mainly attributed to the asymmetry of VCD and AL, while the differences in ocular parameters were not statistically significant in school-age children with astigmatic anisometropia.

Aerobic activity reducing depression in school-age children: a multiple mediation effects analysis based on five dimensions of psychosocial functioning / 中国康复理论与实践

ObjectiveTo explore the mechanism of aerobic capacity on depression in school-age children, and the multiple mediators of the five dimensions of psychosocial functioning (emotional symptoms, conduct problems, peer problems, prosocial behavior and hyperactivity) between aerobic capacity and depression. MethodsFrom October to December, 2021, pupils of Grade two to Grade five from two primary schools were chester-sampled and investigated using 20-meter multistage shuttle run test, Depression Self-Rating Scale for Children, Self-reported Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. ResultsA total of 391 pupils underwent 20-meter multistage shuttle run test, and 312 out of them answering the questionnaires, and 294 questionnaires were valid. Aerobic capacity, depression, emotional symptoms, peer problems, prosocial behavior and hyperactivity were significantly correlated with each other (|r| > 0.127, P < 0.05) (except aerobic capacity and peer problems, and emotional symptoms and prosocial behavior). The results of the multiple mediation effect model showed that aerobic capacity could directly and negatively predict depression, and the mediating effects of emotional symptoms, peer problems, prosocial behavior and hyperactivity were significant, accounting for 34.37%, 12.54%, 34.06% and 17.80% of the total mediating effect, respectively. ConclusionThe aerobic capacity could not only directly affect depression of school-age children, but also improve their psychosocial functioning by reducing emotional symptoms, peer problems and hyperactivity, and increasing prosocial behavior, to indirectly affect their depression.

Assessment of anthropometric and physical profile of selected school-age children in rural and urban setting in South-West Nigeria (NigeriaLINX pilot) / Avaliação do perfil antropométrico e físico de crianças em idade escolar selecionadas em ambientes rurais e urbanos no sudoeste da Nigéria (piloto NigeriaLINX)

Objective: the objective of this study was to examine the anthropometric and physical profile of selected school-age children in rural and urban setting. Methods: the descriptive cross-sectional design was adopted for the study while multistage sampling techniques, which included simple random and systematic sampling techniques, were used to draw samples from the target population. The sample constitute healthy children who voluntarily participated in the study after consent for participation was given by individual parent. Anthropometric measurements for the study included height, weight, sitting height and BMI while the physical fitness tests for the study included sit and reach, handgrip strength, speed bounce, standing broad jump, 10m x 5 shuttles run and multistage fitness test. Z score, STEN score and independent T-Test were used for data analysis. Results: a total of 222 healthy children with average age of 10 years (male=112, female=109) participated in the study. The results showed that the urban children were taller (Urban=141.3±9.2m; Rural=134±21.3m), heavier (Urban=37.6±10.4kg; Rural=28.2±6.2kg), had more leg power (Urban=105.7±25.5; Rural=49.4±41.0) and arm strength (Urban=15.7±4.1; Rural=13.4±5.2) than rural children. However, the rural children had higher sit and reach score (Rural=25.3±5.8; Urban=22.8±6.0) and completed more laps in multistage fitness test (Rural=35.5±25.5; Urban=12±5.7). The statistical analysis showed that all the variables were significantly different urban and rural children (P<0.05). Conclusion: the current study shows that the children in the urban and rural settings differed in the selected anthropometric and physical variables Therefore, the physical education program and infrastructural facilities for physical activity and sport participation for school age children should be designed based on the socioeconomic status, social amenities and level of development of the host community

Objetivo: examinar o perfil antropométrico e físico de crianças em idade escolar selecionadas em ambientes rurais e urbanos. Métodos: foi realizado um estudo transversal aplicando técnicas de amostragem em vários estágios, que incluíam processos de amostragem aleatória simples e sistemática, usadas para extrair amostras da população-alvo. A amostra constitui-se de crianças saudáveis que participaram voluntariamente do estudo, após consentimento para participação dado por um dos pais. As medições antropométricas incluíram altura, peso, altura sentada e IMC, enquanto os testes de aptidão física para o estudo incluíram sentar-se e alcançar, força de preensão manual, salto de velocidade, salto em largura, corrida de vaivém de 10 x 5 metros e teste de aptidão multiestágio. Foram usados para a análise escore z, escore STEN e teste t independentemente dos dados. Resultados: um total de 222 crianças saudáveis com idade média de 10 anos (masculino=112, feminino=109) participaram do estudo. Os resultados mostraram que as crianças urbanas eram mais altas (Urbano=141,3±9,2m; Rurais=134±21,3m), mais pesadas (Urbano=37,6±10,4kg; Rurais=28,2±6,2kg), tinham mais força nas pernas (Urbano=105,7±25,5; Rurais =49,4±41,0) e força de braço (Urbano=15,7±4,1; Rural=13,4±5,2) do que as crianças da zona rural. No entanto, as crianças da zona rural tiveram maior pontuação de sentar e alcançar (Rural=25,3±5,8; Urbana=22,8±6,0) e completaram mais voltas no teste de condicionamento físico multiestágio (Rural=35,5±25,5; Urbana=12±5,7). Todas as variáveis eram significativamente diferentes entre crianças urbanas e rurais (P<0,05). Conclusão: o presente estudo mostrou que as crianças das áreas urbana e rural diferiram nas variáveis antropométricas e físicas selecionadas. Portanto, o programa de educação física e as instalações de infraestrutura para atividades físicas e participação em esportes para crianças em idade escolar devem ser projetados com base no status socioeconômico, nas comodidades sociais e no nível de desenvolvimento da comunidade anfitriã

The interaction between 5-HTT gene rs6354 polymorphism and family factors on the adaptability of Mongolian school-age children / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective:To explore the effects of rs6354 polymorphism of 5-HTT gene and family factors on the adaptability of Mongolian school-age children.Methods:The adaptability of 453 primary school students was assessed based on the middle childhood temperament questionnaire(MCTQ). The polymorphism of 5-HTT gene rs6354 was determined by improved multiple ligase detection reaction(iMLDR) technology. SPSS18.0 statistical software was used for data processing and analysis.Results:(1) The adaptability scores of children with GG/GT and TT genotype at rs6354 locus of 5-HTT gene were(2.88±0.73) and(3.03±0.76). (2) Univariate analysis showed that the adaptability scores of Mongolian school-age children were significantly different among different education levels of their parents (father F=2.580, P=0.037; mother F=3.245, P=0.012). (3) Multiple regression analysis showed that mother's educational level( B=-0.079, P=0.010) and rs6354 polymorphism( B=0.165, P=0.041) were inflencing factors of the adaptability score of Mongolian school-age children. (4) Logistic regression analysis showed that father's education level was a significant impact factor of the adaptive level of Mongolian school-age children( B=0.453, P<0.05, OR=1.573, 95% CI=1.023-2.417). Conclusion:rs6354 polymorphism is weakly correlated with children's adaptability, and the education level of parents, especially fathers, may be an important factor affecting the adaptability of Mongolian school-age children.

Repeated low-level red-light therapy: a novel method for myopia prevention and control / 中华实验眼科杂志

China has recently proposed a countrywide myopia control strategy for children and adolescents due to the rapidly increasing incidence and early onset of myopia.Recent studies have proposed interventions and methods for myopia prevention and control, such as low-dose atropine and orthokeratology lens, while the current strategies are subject to cause inconvenience and ineligible risks of side effects.Although accumulating evidence has shown that increased time outdoors is effective in reducing the risk of myopia development, its effect is closely related to light exposure.Interventions to enhance time spent outdoors or further increase on light exposure to prevent myopia are pragmatically challenging.A multicenter randomized controlled trial (RCT) led by Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, adopted repeated low-level red-light (RLRL) to deliver light on the retina directly for a much shorter duration of exposure but repeatedly, and further assessed the efficacy and safety of RLRL therapy in myopia control among children.Findings from the RCT showed promising efficacy of RLRL therapy in slowing myopia progression among school-age children with mild to moderate myopia, providing high-level evidence for RLRL therapy as a safe and efficacious strategy for reducing myopia progression.This paper summarized the findings from the RCT, discussed how to adopt such a treatment for myopia control in clinical practice, and further suggested eye care service providers to follow the research progress of RLRL therapy for myopia prevention and control.

Relationship between body muscle mass and body mass index of school-age children and their growth differences in different seasons / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To explore the relationship between body muscle mass and body mass index of school-age children and their growth differences in different seasons. Methods A total of 526 cases of preschool children who came to Hengshui People's Hospital for examination from June 2018 to June 2020 were selected as observation objects, including 300 males and 226 females, aged 6-11 years old, with an average age of (8.2 years ±0.2 years). According to the body mass index (BMI), children are divided into normal body weight, overweight weight and obese groups. According to the season, preschool children were divided into four groups, spring group, summer group, autumn group, and winter group, with 131 cases in each group. The physique of preschool children was tested, and the serum 25(OH)D was detected at the same time, the body muscle mass was measured by the bioelectrical impedance method, and the whole body muscle mass index was calculated. Multi-factor linear regression was used to analyze the relationship between vitamin D nutritional status and muscle mass index ; To study the average vitamin D content of children and the differences in different seasons. Results There were 396 children with normal BMI, 90 were overweight, and 40 were obese. The children's normal weight, overweight, and obesity were divided into groups. According to the increase in BMI, the normal vitamin level group, overweight group, and obesity group also decreased, and the difference was statistically significant (P0.05). Compared with the vitamin D deficiency and deficiency groups, the number of children with sufficient vitamin D is also increasing, and the children with sufficient vitamin D have a fixed-point visit to the MMI. According to the analysis results, it is observed that there is a statistically significant difference in vitamin D nutrition and body muscle mass levels (P<0.05). The serum 25(OH)D levels of children in summer and autumn were significantly higher than those in spring and winter, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion The body muscle mass and body mass index of preschool children have a significant relationship with 25(OH)D. When 25(OH)D is sufficient, higher body muscle mass can be obtained and the body mass index can be decreased. The growth difference in different seasons is manifested in the higher 25(OH)D in summer, which is more conducive to the growth and development of preschool children.

The SACT Template: A Human Brain Diffusion Tensor Template for School-age Children / 神经科学通报·英文版

School-age children are in a specific development stage corresponding to juvenility, when the white matter of the brain experiences ongoing maturation. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI), especially diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), is extensively used to characterize the maturation by assessing white matter properties in vivo. In the analysis of DWI data, spatial normalization is crucial for conducting inter-subject analyses or linking the individual space with the reference space. Using tensor-based registration with an appropriate diffusion tensor template presents high accuracy regarding spatial normalization. However, there is a lack of a standardized diffusion tensor template dedicated to school-age children with ongoing brain development. Here, we established the school-age children diffusion tensor (SACT) template by optimizing tensor reorientation on high-quality DTI data from a large sample of cognitively normal participants aged 6-12 years. With an age-balanced design, the SACT template represented the entire age range well by showing high similarity to the age-specific templates. Compared with the tensor template of adults, the SACT template revealed significantly higher spatial normalization accuracy and inter-subject coherence upon evaluation of subjects in two different datasets of school-age children. A practical application regarding the age associations with the normalized DTI-derived data was conducted to further compare the SACT template and the adult template. Although similar spatial patterns were found, the SACT template showed significant effects on the distributions of the statistical results, which may be related to the performance of spatial normalization. Looking forward, the SACT template could contribute to future studies of white matter development in both healthy and clinical populations. The SACT template is publicly available now ( https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/SACT_template/14071283 ).

Evaluación del nivel de conocimiento sobre alimentación y hábitos saludables adquiridos a partir de un programa de educación alimentaria y nutricional destinado a niños y niñas en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires / Evaluation of level of knowledge about food and healthy habits acquired through a food and nutritional education program aimed at school-age children in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires

Resumen Introducción: la educación alimentaria y nutricional en el ámbito escolar constituye una valiosa herramienta para la promoción de la salud y algunos estudios muestran su eficacia para mejorar conocimientos, actitudes y comportamientos de la población. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el nivel de conocimiento de las y los escolares sobre los contenidos abordados en un programa de educación alimentaria y nutricional en escuelas de gestión estatal de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Materiales y método: se elaboró un cuestionario auto-administrado de 15 preguntas sobre alimentación saludable, características de un desayuno adecuado, actividad física, hidratación y nociones sobre el consumo de frutas y verduras. Se administró en una muestra aleatorizada de niñas y niños de 14 escuelas públicas de nivel primario, antes de iniciar la intervención educativa y luego de 2 años; entre abril de 2016 y noviembre de 2017. Se incluyeron 220 niñas y niños de 6° grado, de los cuales 191 completaron el cuestionario por segunda vez. Resultados: el porcentaje de escolares que respondieron correctamente se incrementó entre la primera y segunda medición en 13 de los 15 ítems, aunque la diferencia fue estadísticamente significativa en solo 4. El puntaje final promedio fue levemente superior al inicial (0,88 puntos), y la diferencia alcanzó significación estadística para el total de niños y niñas, para ambos géneros y en 2 distritos escolares. Conclusiones: los resultados de la evaluación muestran una modificación pequeña, aunque significativa del nivel de conocimiento sobre alimentación y hábitos saludables de las niñas y los niños. Si bien este es uno de los múltiples factores que influyen en las decisiones alimentarias, es importante que desde el ámbito escolar se brinden las herramientas necesarias para que los individuos sean conscientes de tales elecciones.

Abstract Introduction: food and nutrition education at school is a valuable tool for health promotion and some studies show its effectiveness in improving the population's knowledge, attitudes and behavior. The objective of this work was to evaluate the level of knowledge schoolchildren had upon the contents addressed in a food and nutrition education program in state-run schools of the City of Buenos Aires. Material and methods: a self-administered questionnaire of 15 questions was developed including healthy eating, characteristics of an adequate breakfast, physical activity, hydration and notions about the consumption of fruits and vegetables. It was administered in a randomized sample of girls and boys from 14 state primary schools, before starting the educational intervention and after 2 years; between April 2016 and November 2017. 220 6th grade girls and boys were included, and 191 of them completed the questionnaire a second time. Results: the percentage of children who answered correctly increased between the first and second measurements in 13 of the 15 items, although the difference was statistically significant in only 4. The final average score was slightly higher than the initial one (0.88 points), and the difference reached statistical significance for all schoolchildren, for both genders, and in 2 school districts. Conclusion: The results of the evaluation show a small but significant change in the level of knowledge about food and healthy habits of school girls and boys. Although this is one of the many factors that influence food decisions, it is important that the necessary tools are provided from the school environment so that individuals are aware of such choices.

Investigation of the relationship between the theory of mind and creative thinking skills of children in rural area / Investigação da relação entre a teoria da mente e as habilidades de pensamento criativo de crianças na área rural

The aim of this study, accordingly, is to determine the relation between creativity and theory of mind skills of children aged 5-11 (Ns:117) who continue Primary Education in rural areas and to reveal the relation between the sub-dimensions of these abilities. At the end of the study, it was found that there was a significant and positive relation between the total creativity score and the sub-dimensions of theory of mind. It was found that there was a significant and positive relation between all sub-dimensions of creativity and theory of mind. The total creativity score and the scores of the sub-dimensions of creativity (fluency, originality, and elaboration) were significant but weak predictors of theory of mind tasks.

O objetivo deste estudo é determinar a relação entre criatividade e a teoria das habilidades mentais em crianças de 5 a 11 anos (Ns: 117) que continuam cursando o ensino fundamental em áreas rurais e revelar a relação entre as subdimensões dessas habilidades. No final do estudo, verificou-se que havia uma relação significativa e positiva entre o escore total de criatividade e as subdimensões da teoria da mente dessas crianças. Verificou-se também que havia uma relação significativa e positiva entre todas as subdimensões da criatividade e da teoria da mente. O escore total de criatividade e os escores das subdimensões da criatividade (fluência, originalidade e enriquecimento) foram preditores significativos, porém fracos, das tarefas da teoria da mente.

Cambios en sobrepeso y obesidad en escolares mexicanos de primarias públicas entre 2015 y 2018 / Overweight and obesity changes among Mexican school-age children from public elementary schools between 2015 and 2018

Resumen: Objetivo: Cuantificar los cambios de sobrepeso y obesidad (SO+O) y determinar su asociación con características sociodemográficas en escolares mexicanos de primarias públicas durante 2015 y 2018. Material y métodos: Estudio transversal comparativo. Se analizaron 6.5 millones de alumnos de 59 724 escuelas. La información deriva del Registro Nacional de Peso y Talla (RNPT) en cuatro periodos escolares, de 2015 a 2019, para niños de 6 a 12 años. Se estimaron razones de momios (RM) y prevalencias ajustadas mediante regresión logística ordinal generalizada. Resultados: Las RM fueron positivas para SO+O y para obesidad en el sexo masculino, ámbito urbano y baja marginación (p<0.001). La mayor prevalencia ajustada tanto para sobrepeso como para obesidad se reportó en 2016 (p<0.001). La región Sur manifestó ascensos constantes y significativos para obesidad durante cuatro periodos. Conclusión: El RNPT permite detectar diversas características de riesgo actual para el desarrollo de SO+O en escuelas primarias del país.

Abstract: Objective: To quantify changes in overweight and obesity and determine their association with sociodemographic characteristics in Mexican schoolchildren from public schools between 2015 and 2018. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional comparative study. The data of children between 6 an 12 years old was obtained from the National Register of Weight and Height (RNPT) during four years: 2015 trough 2019. Odds ratios (OR) and adjusted prevalences were estimated using generalized ordinal logistic regression. Results: A rough total of 6.5 million of children from 59 724 schools were studied. The OR's were positive for overweight and obesity (OW+OB) in male gender, urban locality and low marginalization (p<0.001). The greater adjusted probability of overweight and obesity found in 2016 (p<0.001). The country's south region shown constant and significative increases in obesity probabilities. Conclusion: The RNPT allows a real time detection of the various risk characteristics involved in overweight and obesity development in the country elementary schools.

Effect of parent-child bibliotherapy on symptom management and self-management behaviors in school-age children with asthma / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To investigate the effect of parent-child bibliotherapy on symptom management and self-management behaviors in school-age children with asthma.Methods:From January 2018 to December 2019, a total of 130 school-age asthma children were randomly divided into experiment group ( n=65) and control group ( n=65) by random number table method. Children in the control group received routine care, experiment group carried out parent-child bibliotherapy based on the routine care and assessed after three months of intervention. The times of asthma attack and emergency treatment were recorded between two groups, the daytime and nighttime symptom scores were assessed according to the Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of bronchial asthma in children, and self-management behaviors was measured by Self-management Behavior Questionnaire for Asthmatic Children. Results:After three months of intervention, the average frequency of asthma and emergency treatment in the experiment group (1.84±0.51), (1.16±0.58) times were reduced, compared to (2.53±0.85), (1.34±0.32) times in the control group, the difference was statistically significant ( t values were 2.281, 2.084, P<0.05). After three months of intervention, the daytime and nighttime symptom scores were (1.54±0.35) points and (1.40±0.17) points, lower than (2.15±0.43) and (1.98±0.52) points in the control group, the difference was statistically significant ( t values were 2.632, 2.338, P<0.05).; the total self-management behaviors scores and diet, avoidance of allergens, recognition and treatment of asthma attack, exercise, drug scores were (3.08±0.32), (3.02±0.83), (2.54±0.66), (3.46±0.50), (3.09±0.79), (3.23±0.85) points, higher than (2.74±0.34), (2.68±0.65), (2.18±0.88), (2.97±0.79), (2.77±0.78), (2.81±0.69) points in the control group, the difference was statistically significant ( t values were 2.187, to 5.588, P<0.05). Conclusion:The parent-child bibliotherapy can effectively improve the self-management behaviors and relieve the symptom of asthma and reduce the times of attacks and emergency treatment of school-age children with asthma.

Analysis of new myopia among school-age children in Suqian City in 2020 / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

@#AIM:To determine the incidence of myopia and related risk factors among Chinese school-age children in Suqian city.<p>METHODS: The data were collected from 42 primary schools in Suqian, Jiangsu Province with a stratified cluster sampling method. According to the physical examination information in 2019 and 2020, a total of 12 452 school-age children were included. Based on their two-year information of visual acuity, diopter, height and weight, this study analyzed the incidence of myopia under different demographic factors and related risk factors among school-age children.<p>RESULTS: It was found that the overall incidence rate of myopia among school-age children was 24.63% in Suqian(all <i>P</i><0.01). Higher incidence rates of myopia occurred in the urban children than rural children(26.24% <i>vs</i> 21.31%), in females than males(27.05% <i>vs</i> 22.91%)and in overweight children than normal ones(25.82% <i>vs</i> 23.92%). The incidence also showed an increasing trend with age(χ2trend=236.421,<i>P</i><0.01). For the growth and development, the annual increases of height and weight in incident myopia were greater than that in persistent non-myopes(all<i>P</i><0.01). The Logistic regression analysis confirmed that urban children(<i>OR</i>=1.541), females(<i>OR</i>=1.325), elder-ages(<i>OR</i>=2.827)and overweight children(<i>OR</i>=1.191)were at higher risk of myopia onset(all <i>P</i><0.01).<p>CONCLUSION: The incidence of myopia among school-age children from Suqian City in 2020 was alarming. And urban children, females, elder and overweight school-age children were at relatively higher risk of myopia onset. Additionally, the rapid increase of height and weight over a period of time may be one of the warning signals for myopia onset. The factors impacting on the myopia onset among children warrants further studies.

Relationship between the living environment and respiratory diseases in primary school students in Taizhou City / 上海预防医学

Objective:To understand the relationship between the living environment and respiratory diseases in primary school students in Taizhou City of Zhejiang Province， and to explore the related factors. Methods:From 2018 to 2019， a total of 1 044 students from grade 2 to grade 5 of a primary school in Taizhou were selected by cluster random sampling method for two consecutive years to conduct a questionnaire survey during November 15 to December 31. Correlation between living environment and respiratory diseases in primary school students was analyzed. Results:Among the 1 044 students completed valid questionnaires， 224 students had suffered from respiratory diseases in the past year， accounting for 21.5% from 2018 to 2019. Logistic regression analysis showed that existence of waste collection site within 100 m of household （OR=2.522， 95%CI：1.105-5.752）， family passive smoking exposure （OR=1.781， 95%CI： 1.234-2.571）， and household use of air pollution chemicals （OR=1.915， 95%CI：1.396-2.627） were independent risk factors for respiratory diseases in primary school students. Conclusion:There are some risk factors of respiratory diseases in the living environment of primary school students in Taizhou， and prevention should be carried out in daily life to reduce the prevalence of respiratory diseases among primary school students.

Nutritional status and behavior change trend of school-age children / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To study the nutritional status and behavior of school-age children. Methods In this study, a descriptive study was conducted on 1950 children who underwent physical examination from January to December 2019. There were 955 males, 995 females, 320 7-year-old children, 311 8-year-old children, 333 9-year-old children, 295 10-year-old children, 277 children in 11-year-old group and 414 children in 12-year-old group. Results The malnutrition rate of male was significantly lower than that of female (χ2=14.581, P=0.002); the nutritional status of students of different age groups was statistically significant (χ2=95.265, P=0.000), and the malnutrition status of students aged 10 and 11 was higher than that of other age groups; the difference of picky eating, food response, food preference, drink craving and emotional overeating of students of different ages was found With the increase of age, students' scores of satiety response, slow eating and emotional diet decreased significantly; the differences of over satiety response, slow eating, picky eating, food response, emotional diet reduction and emotional overeating of different genders were significantly higher than those of female patients. Conclusion It is suggested that for school-age children aged 10-11, strengthening nutritional intervention and shaping good eating habits are of positive significance for improving the nutritional status of students.

Iodine nutritional status of 8-10 year-old school-age children after the implementation of new salt iodine standard in Suzhou / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To explore the iodine nutritional status among school-age children within 5 years of implementation of the new salt iodine standard in Suzhou, and to provide a basis for dynamically adjusting the salt iodization strategy. Methods The observation period (2012-2019) was divided into two sub-periods: the adjustment transition period (2012-2014) and the adjustment completion period (2015-2019). According to the “Jiangsu Iodine Deficiency Disease Surveillance Program”, household salt samples and urine samples of school-age children aged 8 to 10 years were collected to detect the content of salt iodine and urine iodine. The coverage rate of iodized salt, qualified iodized salt consumption rate, and the median urinary iodine were determined. Results Totally 2 893 and 9 132 salt samples were collected in the adjustment transition and adjustment completion periods, with the median salt iodine content being 26.50 and 23.20 mg/kg, respectively. The iodized salt coverage rates were 97.03% (2 807/2 893) and 91.01% (2 633/2 893), and the consumption rates of qualified iodized salt were 97.25% (8 881/9 132) and 93.93% (8 578/9 132), respectively, in the two periods. The differences between the coverage rate of iodized salt and the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt between the two periods were statistically significant (χ2=38.465, P2 trend= 17.528, P<0.01). During the adjustment transition period, the median urinary iodine content of school-age children in Suzhou was 215.61 μg/L , and the proportion of urine iodine value <50 μg/L was 1.5%, while during the adjustment completion period the median urinary iodine and proportion of urine iodine value <50 μg/L were 192.60 μg/L and 2.40%, respectively. The difference in urine iodine between the two periods was statistically significant (Z=-9.918, P<0.01); Conclusions Five years after the implementation of the new salt iodization standard, the iodine nutritional level of school-age children in Suzhou was generally at an appropriate level. However, there was no significant changes in iodine nutritional levels in some areas after the adjustment of the new standard, suggesting that surveillance on iodine nutrition should be continuously consolidated in the future.

Study on the distribution of refractive status and its correlation with biological parameters in school age children with myopia onset / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

@#AIM: To study the age distribution and refractive status of school age children with myopia and the correlation with ocular axis, corneal curvature and other biological parameters. <p>METHODS: A total of 391 eyes of 196 school age children who were diagnosed as myopia were collected. Patients with other eye diseases causing vision loss were excluded. The patients were divided into three groups according to age and four groups according to diopter. All patients received visual acuity, intraocular pressure, slit lamp microscope, IOL master, optometry and fundus examination, and the results were recorded. Independent sample<i> t-</i>test, one-way ANOVA, LSD-t and linear regression were used to analyze the age distribution of diopter and its relationship with refractive parameters.<p>RESULTS: There were 128(32.7%), 155(39.6%)and 108(27.6%)eyes in 6-8, 9-10 and 11-12 age groups. The average age was 9.29±1.64 years old. There were significant differences in SE(<i>P</i><0.01)and AL(<i>P</i><0.01)among different age groups. There were 134(34.3%), 162(41.4%), 74(18.9%)and 21(5.4%)eyes in SE ≤ -1.00D, -1.00D<SE≤ -2.00D, -2.00D<SE≤-3.00D and >-3.00D groups. The average SE was -1.54±0.89D. There was significant difference in AL among differences diopter groups(<i>P</i><0.01). There was a linear relationship between SE and AL. The regression equation is <i>(＾overY)=12.373-0.577X, R2=0.286, β=-0.577, P<0.001</i>. And there was a linear relationship between astigmatism and corneal astigmatism. The regression equation is <i>(＾overY)=0.084-0.502X, R2=0.389, β=-0.502, P<0.001</i>.<p>CONCLUSION: The age of the first onset of myopic ametropia in children is 9-10 years old, which is mainly low degree myopia. The growth of axial length is related to the increase of age and diopter and astigmatism is related to corneal astigmatism in children.

Efectividad del modelo Póngale vida para la prevención de la obesidad infantil en escolares del cantón de La Unión, Costa Rica / Effectiveness of the Póngale Vida Model for the prevention of childhood obesity in schoolchildren, La Union County, Costa Rica

Resumen: Introducción: En Costa Rica, la prevalencia de obesidad infantil ha tenido un aumento considerable en los últimos años, por lo que es una prioridad para la salud pública. El objetivo del análisis es evaluar la efectividad del modelo Póngale Vida mediante las variables antropométricas, bioquímicas, preferencias alimentarias y de actividad física de las personas escolares. El modelo Póngale Vida busca promover estilos de vida saludables y prevenir la obesidad infantil en escolares de escuelas primarias públicas. Las estrategias se basan en el modelo ecológico e incluyen educación alimentaria y actividad física en diferentes escenarios (aula, la escuela, la familia y la comunidad) que podrían influenciar el comportamiento de las personas escolares. Metodología: En el 2009, se evaluaron 482 escolares, divididos en una escuela intervenida (N=255) y una escuela control (N=173), sin embargo, la muestra final fue de 287 escolares (n=255 y n=173 respectivamente). Se les evaluó el IMC, pliegue tricipital, perfil lipídico y se aplicó una entrevista al inicio y final de un periodo de 7 meses. Resultados: Hubo una disminución en la escuela intervenida en la media del puntaje Z del IMC/edad (Inicial= 0.54, Final= 0.48) contrario a la escuela control, la cual aumentó (Inicial=0.70, Final=0.85), pese a que la disminución en la primera no fue significativa, la diferencia en la medición final entre la escuela intervenida y control sí fue significativa (P=0.008). En los indicadores bioquímicos, todos muestran niños y niñas, en ambas escuelas, con valores considerados altos que merecen seguimiento posterior. Conclusión: La intervención permite modificar tendencias, por lo cual la escuela sigue siendo un escenario adecuado para la prevención de obesidad infantil, en este caso, Póngale Vida representa una opción para contribuir a cambios de corto y mediano plazo.

Abstract: Introduction: The prevalence of childhood obesity in Costa Rica has been growing in the last decade. This problem is now a public health priority. The objective of the analysis is to evaluate the effectiveness of the Pongale Vida Model, through the anthropometric and biochemical variables, food and physical activities preferences, of children. The Póngale Vida Model look for promote healthy lifestyles and prevent childhood obesity in school children from public schools. These strategies are based on an ecological model which includes nutrition education and physical activity in the scenarios that are considered may influence behaviors in children such as the classroom, school, family and community. Methodology: In 2009, initially 482 children, were evaluated, divided in one intervened school (n=255) and one control school (n=173), and a final sample of 287 schoolchildren (n=255 and n=173 respectively), were evaluated for BMI, triceps skinfold and lipid profile, as well as one interview was administered at baseline and after a 7 month period. Results: There was a decrease in the intervened school in the mean Z score of BMI/age (Initial=0.54, Final=0.48) contrary to the control school, which increased (Initial=0.70, Final=0.85), despite the decrease in the first it was not significant, the difference in the final measurement between the operated and control school was significant (P=0.008). The biochemical indicators showed high values in both schools which suggest the need of further follow up. Conclusion: The intervention allows to modify trends, for which the school environment continues to be a suitable scenario for the prevention of childhood obesity, Pongale Vida represents an option to contribute to changes in the short and medium term.

Família, escola e transição ecológica: uma revisão integrativa da literatura nacional / Family, school and ecological transition: an integrative review of national literature / Familia, escuela y transición ecológica: una revisión integradora de la literatura nacional

Este trabalho visa a apresentar uma revisão integrativa da literatura nacional referente à família, escola e transição para a escolaridade. Assim, realizouse uma busca de artigos científicos nas bases de dados Scielo e Pepsic, para mapear a produção nacional sobre o tema, entre os anos de 2006 e 2016. Mediante a combinação de palavras-chave, encontraram-se 17 artigos que discutem a relação entre família e escola e como ocorre a transição da criança pequena para o contexto escolar. A análise dos artigos evidenciou que a entrada da criança na escola tende a ser vivenciada, tanto pela família quanto pela criança, como período de estresse, pois envolve a adaptação de todos. O clima familiar positivo, permeado por práticas educativas do tipo indutivas, e a participação ativa na vida escolar das crianças possibilitam que as famílias experimentem satisfatoriamente esse momento de transição para a escolarização.

This work aims at present an integrative review of national literature concerning family, school, and transition to schooling. Thus, a search for scientific articles on Scielo and Pepsic databases was performed to map the national production on the subject between the years of 2006 and 2016. Through the combination of keywords, it was possible to find 17 articles that discuss the relationship between family, school, and how small children make the transition to the school context. The analysis of the articles highlighted that the child’s entry into school tends to be experienced as a stressful moment, both by the family and the child, as it requires adaptation from everyone involved. A positive family environment, permeated by inductive educational practices and active participation in the child’s school life, allows families to experience such transitional moments in a more satisfactory way.

Este trabajo objetiva presentar una revisión integradora de la literatura nacional referente a la familia, escuela y transición para la escolaridad. Así, se realizó una búsqueda de artículos científicos en las bases de datos Scielo y Pepsic para mapear la producción nacional sobre el tema, en los últimos diez años (2006-2016). Mediante la combinación de palabras clave se encontraron 17 artículos que discuten la relación entre familia y escuela, y también, cómo se desarrolla la transición del niño para el contexto escolar. El análisis de los artículos evidenció que la entrada del niño en la escuela tiende a ser experimentada tanto por la familia como por el niño como un período de estrés, pues implica la adaptación de todos. El clima familiar positivo permeado por las prácticas educativas inductivas y la participación activa en la vida escolar de los niños posibilitan que las familias vivan ese momento de transición para la escolarización de forma más satisfactoria.